張家界電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布日期:2022-08-21 瀏覽(lan)次數:26722電弧熔(rong)爐生(sheng)產電熔(rong)氧化鎂的(de)工藝流程主要包括:原料配(pei)料、電弧熔(rong)融、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩別、磁選、分(fen)類包裝(zhuang)等。
(1)原料
我(wo)國(guo)有(you)豐富的優質(zhi)菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石,氧化鎂(mei)(mei)含(han)量高,又易(yi)于開采,因此(ci),被(bei)廣泛用(yong)作電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的原(yuan)料(liao)。采用(yong)菱鎂(mei)(mei)石作原(yuan)料(liao),碳酸鎂(mei)(mei)分(fen)解產生CO2氣(qi)體(ti),由于有(you)大量氣(qi)體(ti)從(cong)爐內(nei)排(pai)出影響著電熔(rong)過程(cheng)的進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對(dui)電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的結(jie)晶帶的形成均有不利(li)影響,由于(yu)大量塵料飛損,使物料損耗和能(neng)量消耗增(zeng)高(gao),也惡(e)化了車間生(sheng)產環境。但(dan)由于(yu)優質菱鎂(mei)礦石容易獲得(de),價格很低廉,所以,仍是(shi)我國電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂(mei)用得(de)最多最廣泛(fan)的原料。
(2)配料
①菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦。菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石中氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的含量高低和化學成分直(zhi)接影響到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的質量,同(tong)時在電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)過程中也(ye)直(zhi)接影響到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)得到的品級比例(li),因(yin)此,為了保證(zheng)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的質量和品級比例(li),必須對各(ge)種礦石進(jin)行適當的配比后進(jin)行熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉。
②水鎂(mei)石。我國的遼寧省(sheng)水鎂(mei)石的礦源(yuan)非常豐富(fu),水鎂(mei)石中氧化鎂(mei)含量(liang)高于菱鎂(mei)礦石。它也是一種制造電熔凝氧化鎂(mei)的原料,部分地區(qu)水鎂(mei)石的化學成分見表2。
表2水鎂(mei)石(shi)的化(hua)學(xue)成分/%
③輕燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。以輕燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)作為電熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)原料,可(ke)以使生(sheng)產環境得(de)到改善(shan),可(ke)以降低(di)運輸費用。由(you)于電熔(rong)時排(pai)出(chu)氣(qi)體(ti)少,成(cheng)分也較均勻,對(dui)提高電熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)質量有利。
我國有(you)(you)一(yi)些電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂以(yi)(yi)(yi)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂制成球(qiu)料(liao)入(ru)爐(lu)電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂含量達到98%,以(yi)(yi)(yi)此料(liao)能生(sheng)產出白色大(da)結(jie)晶電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂。但由于成球(qiu)費用高(gao),影響生(sheng)產成本。目(mu)前,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠家采(cai)用反射爐(lu)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂,以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)定的(de)(de)粒度加入(ru)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)爐(lu)電熔(rong)(rong)(rong),電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)質(zhi)量比用菱鎂礦石好(hao),成本又比用球(qiu)料(liao)作原料(liao)時(shi)便(bian)宜,因而得到了一(yi)定的(de)(de)推廣(guang)。
④燒結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)。為(wei)了某些電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的特殊要求,有時必須(xu)在電(dian)熔過程中采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)燒結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔原(yuan)料(liao),如采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)海(hai)水鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔原(yuan)料(liao),一(yi)般首(shou)先利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)處理海(hai)水和石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生產氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒成(cheng)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他方法(fa)也(ye)可以制(zhi)得(de)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見工業氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的制(zhi)取方法(fa)),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)生產電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧(ao)絲脫(AusT)和拉特爾(er)(Ruttere)等研(yan)究認為(wei),極少量(liang)(liang)(liang)的雜質(zhi)氣體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也(ye)屬于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)的雜質(zhi),可明(ming)顯(xian)影響晶(jing)(jing)粒的長大。因為(wei)雜質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在于(yu)增加(jia)晶(jing)(jing)界運動所需的能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。當晶(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時,晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)降低(di),其降低(di)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積成(cheng)正比,所以必須(xu)提(ti)高晶(jing)(jing)界能(neng),晶(jing)(jing)界才能(neng)離開(kai)第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼(ji)續(xu)運動。并且當晶(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時,與(yu)第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的晶(jing)(jing)界必須(xu)變形(xing),第(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)愈多,晶(jing)(jing)粒長大的極限尺寸愈小(xiao)。
另一(yi)方面為(wei)了降低電(dian)熔凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)顯氣孔率,也(ye)應盡量減少原(yuan)料(liao)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)氣體排出(chu),因此,采用燒結鎂(mei)(mei)砂電(dian)熔有(you)其(qi)顯著(zhu)優點。
⑤電熔氧化鎂單晶的(de)化學原料(liao)質量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特性(xing)是(shi)同原子(zi)(zi)和(he)分子(zi)(zi)的(de)量(liang)子(zi)(zi)力學本性(xing)如離(li)子(zi)(zi)半(ban)徑(jing)的(de)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun),離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)電(dian)位數值(zhi),離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)外層結(jie)構(gou)等(deng)相關(guan)聯。而氧化鎂(mei)的(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)、質量(liang)和(he)電(dian)荷、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)和(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)之間的(de)結(jie)合(he)特性(xing)和(he)強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)極化作用(yong)、結(jie)晶構(gou)造等(deng)決定它是(shi)一高熔點化合(he)物。
氧化鎂的熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)和結構參數:陽離子半徑(jing)0.074mm;陰離子半徑(jing)0.53mm;結構類(lei)型NaCl;配位(wei)數6;有(you)效配位(wei)數8.5;密(mi)度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)2800℃。
電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制造的(de)最重(zhong)要過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是由各種鎂(mei)質原料(liao),通過(guo)(guo)(guo)各種形式的(de)加熱方(fang)法產生高溫使鎂(mei)質材料(liao)(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),變成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體。要使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong),必須消耗大(da)量(liang)的(de)熱能,以(yi)克服離子間的(de)引力。通過(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang)大(da)電弧(hu)產生高溫而熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)方(fang)法叫做(zuo)電弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong)法。這(zhe)個融(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)一般包括熱的(de)傳(chuan)導(dao)、脫(tuo)水、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶(jing)、晶(jing)體長(chang)大(da)等(deng)一系列物(wu)理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。
①脫水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。用水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)作原(yuan)料有一脫水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)的(de)主要成分(fen)是(shi)氫氧(yang)化鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過程(cheng)(cheng)。用菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)作(zuo)為原料時有(you)一個脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過程(cheng)(cheng),脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過程(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)括兩個方面。一方面是(shi)菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)的熱(re)分解,菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)的主要成(cheng)分是(shi)碳酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一方面,由于在(zai)(zai)電熔(rong)過(guo)程中往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)原(yuan)料氧化鎂(mei)中加(jia)入石(shi)墨粉(fen)末添(tian)加(jia)物(助劑(ji)),在(zai)(zai)電熔(rong)爐起動(dong)過(guo)程中需在(zai)(zai)三(san)電極(石(shi)墨電極)的下端用石(shi)墨粉(fen)末鋪成三(san)角形或(huo)星形導線(xian)路,在(zai)(zai)通電過(guo)程中受熱(re)燒損或(huo)完全燃燒除去石(shi)墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)程。熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)程即氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂中(zhong)鎂離子和(he)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)離子在(zai)強電(dian)弧產生的(de)(de)熱能作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下,克服(fu)單晶(jing)(jing)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)格能的(de)(de)束(shu)縛(fu),變成(cheng)能自由運動的(de)(de)過(guo)程。也就是說,氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂加熱到一定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)點)就會(hui)由固體變成(cheng)液體,叫熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在(zai)這一過(guo)程中(zhong)需消(xiao)耗大量的(de)(de)電(dian)能。據(ju)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂生產者對(dui)用(yong)水鎂石作(zuo)(zuo)原料生產電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)熱平衡(heng)的(de)(de)衡(heng)算(suan),熱消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)比例如下:氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂晶(jing)(jing)體生成(cheng)熱消(xiao)耗值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣(zha)皮消(xiao)耗熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生成(cheng)熱耗值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻(que)水耗熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻(que)爐殼的(de)(de)水耗熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子表面散(san)熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)能損失值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這些統計(ji)數據(ju)可以(yi)看出,在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)