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長沙電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程

發布日期(qi):2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽次數(shu):26691

電(dian)弧(hu)熔爐生產電(dian)熔氧化鎂的工(gong)藝(yi)流程主要包(bao)括:原料配料、電(dian)弧(hu)熔融、破碎、選別、粉(fen)碎、篩別、磁(ci)選、分類包(bao)裝等。

(1)原料

我國有(you)豐富的優質菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi),氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含量高,又(you)易于開采(cai)(cai),因此,被廣泛用(yong)作電熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的原(yuan)料。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)菱(ling)鎂(mei)石(shi)作原(yuan)料,碳酸鎂(mei)分解產(chan)生(sheng)CO2氣體,由于有(you)大(da)量氣體從爐內(nei)排出影(ying)響著(zhu)電熔(rong)(rong)過程的進行:

MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑

對電熔氧化(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)結晶帶的(de)形成(cheng)均有不利影響,由于大量塵料飛損(sun)(sun),使(shi)物料損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)和(he)能量消(xiao)耗(hao)增(zeng)高,也惡化(hua)(hua)了車間生產環境。但由于優質菱(ling)鎂礦石(shi)容易獲得(de),價格很低(di)廉,所(suo)以,仍(reng)是我(wo)國電熔氧化(hua)(hua)鎂用得(de)最(zui)多最(zui)廣(guang)泛的(de)原(yuan)料。

(2)配料

①菱鎂(mei)礦。菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的含量(liang)高低和化(hua)學成分直接影(ying)響到(dao)電熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的質(zhi)量(liang),同時在電熔(rong)(rong)過(guo)程中(zhong)也直接影(ying)響到(dao)電熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)得到(dao)的品級(ji)比(bi)(bi)例(li),因此,為(wei)了保證電熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的質(zhi)量(liang)和品級(ji)比(bi)(bi)例(li),必須對各種(zhong)礦石(shi)(shi)進行(xing)適(shi)當的配比(bi)(bi)后進行(xing)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)。


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②水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)。我國的(de)遼寧省水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)礦源非常豐富,水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)中氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含量高于(yu)菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)。它(ta)也是一(yi)種制(zhi)造電熔凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)原料,部分地區水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)化(hua)學成分見表2。

表2水鎂石的化學成分/%

③輕燒氧化(hua)鎂。以(yi)(yi)輕燒氧化(hua)鎂作為電熔(rong)氧化(hua)鎂原料,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)使生產環境得到(dao)改善,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)降低運(yun)輸費用。由于電熔(rong)時(shi)排出(chu)氣體(ti)少,成分(fen)也較均勻,對提高電熔(rong)氧化(hua)鎂質(zhi)量有利。

我國有一(yi)些電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)以輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)(liao)入爐電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)含(han)量達到(dao)(dao)98%,以此料(liao)(liao)能(neng)生產(chan)出白(bai)色大結晶電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。但由于成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)費用(yong)高,影(ying)響生產(chan)成(cheng)本。目前,有的廠家采(cai)用(yong)反射爐輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),以一(yi)定(ding)的粒(li)度(du)加入熔(rong)(rong)(rong)爐電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong),電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量比用(yong)菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石好,成(cheng)本又比用(yong)球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)(liao)作原料(liao)(liao)時便宜,因而得到(dao)(dao)了一(yi)定(ding)的推(tui)廣。


④燒(shao)(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)。為(wei)了(le)某些電(dian)熔凝(ning)(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)特殊要求(qiu),有(you)時(shi)(shi)必須(xu)在(zai)電(dian)熔過程中采(cai)用(yong)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔原料(liao),如(ru)采(cai)用(yong)海(hai)水鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔原料(liao),一般首先利(li)用(yong)處(chu)理海(hai)水和石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)生產氫氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)(shao)成(cheng)輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)其他方(fang)法(fa)也可以(yi)制得(de)輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見工業氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)制取方(fang)法(fa)),采(cai)用(yong)輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原料(liao)生產電(dian)熔凝(ning)(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧絲脫(AusT)和拉特爾(Ruttere)等研究認為(wei),極少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)雜質(zhi)(zhi)氣體(相(xiang)(xiang))也屬(shu)于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)雜質(zhi)(zhi),可明顯影響晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)大(da)。因為(wei)雜質(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)于(yu)增加晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)運(yun)動所需的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量。當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)與第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi)(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體能(neng)量降(jiang)低,其降(jiang)低量與第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積(ji)成(cheng)正比,所以(yi)必須(xu)提高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)能(neng),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)才(cai)能(neng)離(li)開第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)繼續運(yun)動。并且當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)與第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi)(shi),與第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)必須(xu)變形,第(di)二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)數量愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒長(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)極限尺(chi)寸愈小(xiao)。


另一方(fang)面為了降(jiang)低(di)電熔凝氧化鎂的顯氣(qi)孔(kong)率,也應盡(jin)量減少原料氧化鎂的氣(qi)體(ti)排出,因此,采用燒(shao)結鎂砂(sha)電熔有其顯著(zhu)優點。

⑤電(dian)熔氧化鎂單晶的化學原料質量(liang)要求(qiu):

(3)電弧熔融

這些特(te)性是(shi)同(tong)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)量(liang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性如離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的(de)(de)尺寸,離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)位數值,離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外(wai)層(ceng)結(jie)構(gou)等相關聯。而氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量(liang)和電(dian)荷、陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和陰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的(de)(de)結(jie)合(he)特(te)性和強度、離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)極化(hua)作用、結(jie)晶(jing)構(gou)造等決定它是(shi)一高(gao)熔(rong)點化(hua)合(he)物。

氧化鎂的熔(rong)點(dian)和結(jie)構參數:陽(yang)離(li)子(zi)半(ban)徑0.074mm;陰離(li)子(zi)半(ban)徑0.53mm;結(jie)構類(lei)型(xing)NaCl;配位數6;有效配位數8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點(dian)2800℃。

電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制造的最重要(yao)過(guo)程(cheng)是由各(ge)種(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)質原(yuan)料,通過(guo)各(ge)種(zhong)形式的加熱方法產(chan)生(sheng)高溫使鎂(mei)(mei)質材料(MgO)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),變成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)體。要(yao)使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)融(rong),必須消耗大量的熱能,以克(ke)服離子間的引(yin)力。通過(guo)強大電(dian)(dian)弧產(chan)生(sheng)高溫而(er)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的方法叫做電(dian)(dian)弧熔(rong)融(rong)法。這個(ge)融(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)一般包括熱的傳(chuan)導、脫(tuo)水、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、析(xi)晶(jing)、晶(jing)體長大等(deng)一系(xi)列物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的過(guo)程(cheng)。

①脫水(shui)過(guo)程。用(yong)水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)作原料有(you)一脫水(shui)過(guo)程。水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的主要成(cheng)分是氫氧化鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫水(shui)過(guo)程是:

Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O

②脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)程。用菱鎂(mei)礦作為原料時有一個脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)程,脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)程包(bao)括兩(liang)個方面。一方面是(shi)菱鎂(mei)礦石的熱(re)分(fen)解,菱鎂(mei)礦石的主要成分(fen)是(shi)碳酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):

MgCO3→MgO+CO2

另一方面,由于在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)原料氧化鎂中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)入石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)粉(fen)(fen)末添加(jia)物(助劑(ji)),在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)爐起動(dong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)需在(zai)三(san)電(dian)極(石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)極)的(de)下端用(yong)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)粉(fen)(fen)末鋪成三(san)角形或星形導線路,在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)受熱燒損(sun)或完全(quan)燃燒除去(qu)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)。

C+O2→CO2↑

③熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)即氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)中鎂(mei)(mei)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和氧(yang)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在強電(dian)弧產生(sheng)的(de)(de)熱能(neng)作用下,克(ke)服單晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)中的(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)格能(neng)的(de)(de)束縛(fu),變成(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)自(zi)由(you)運動(dong)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。也(ye)就(jiu)是說,氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)加(jia)熱到一定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)點)就(jiu)會由(you)固體(ti)變成(cheng)(cheng)液(ye)體(ti),叫熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在這一過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中需消耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)。據(ju)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)生(sheng)產者(zhe)對用水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)作原料生(sheng)產電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)熱平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)衡(heng)算,熱消耗(hao)的(de)(de)比例如下:氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱消耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水(shui)耗(hao)熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐(lu)殼的(de)(de)水(shui)耗(hao)熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐(lu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)表面散(san)熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣(qi)帶走熱值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)能(neng)損(sun)失值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從(cong)這些(xie)統計數(shu)據(ju)可(ke)以看出,在電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)


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