拉薩電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布日期:2022-08-21 瀏覽(lan)次數:26648電弧(hu)熔爐生產(chan)電熔氧(yang)化鎂的(de)工藝(yi)流程主要包括:原料配料、電弧(hu)熔融(rong)、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩別、磁選、分(fen)類(lei)包裝(zhuang)等(deng)。
(1)原料
我國有豐富的優質菱(ling)(ling)鎂礦石,氧化鎂含量高,又(you)易于開采,因此,被廣泛(fan)用(yong)作電熔氧化鎂的原料(liao)。采用(yong)菱(ling)(ling)鎂石作原料(liao),碳酸鎂分解(jie)產生CO2氣(qi)(qi)體,由于有大量氣(qi)(qi)體從爐內排出影(ying)響著電熔過程的進行(xing):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂的結晶帶的形成均有不利影響,由(you)于大量塵料(liao)飛損(sun),使物料(liao)損(sun)耗和能量消耗增高,也(ye)惡化了車間(jian)生(sheng)產環(huan)境。但由(you)于優質菱鎂礦石容易獲(huo)得(de),價格(ge)很(hen)低廉,所以,仍是我(wo)國電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂用得(de)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)最(zui)(zui)廣(guang)泛的原(yuan)料(liao)。
(2)配料
①菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)。菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)中氧化鎂(mei)的含量(liang)(liang)高低(di)和化學成分直(zhi)接影響(xiang)到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)的質量(liang)(liang),同時在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)過程(cheng)中也直(zhi)接影響(xiang)到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)得到的品級(ji)比例,因此,為了保證(zheng)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)的質量(liang)(liang)和品級(ji)比例,必須對(dui)各種礦(kuang)石(shi)進行適當的配比后進行熔(rong)(rong)(rong)煉。
②水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)。我國的(de)遼(liao)寧省水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)礦(kuang)源(yuan)非常豐富,水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)中氧化鎂(mei)含量高于菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)。它也(ye)是一種制造電(dian)熔凝氧化鎂(mei)的(de)原料(liao),部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)化學成分見表2。
表2水鎂(mei)石的化學(xue)成分/%
③輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。以(yi)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)作(zuo)為電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)原料,可以(yi)使(shi)生產環境得到改善,可以(yi)降(jiang)低運輸費用。由于電(dian)熔(rong)時排出(chu)氣體少(shao),成分也(ye)較均(jun)勻,對提高電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)質量有利。
我國有一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)以(yi)輕燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制成(cheng)(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)入爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)。輕燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)含量達到(dao)98%,以(yi)此料(liao)能生(sheng)產出白(bai)色大結晶(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。但由于成(cheng)(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)費用(yong)高,影響(xiang)生(sheng)產成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。目前,有的(de)(de)廠家(jia)采用(yong)反射爐(lu)輕燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei),以(yi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)粒度加(jia)入熔(rong)(rong)爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)質量比用(yong)菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石好,成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)又比用(yong)球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)作(zuo)原(yuan)料(liao)時(shi)便宜,因而得到(dao)了一定(ding)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)。
④燒(shao)結(jie)(jie)鎂(mei)砂(sha)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了某(mou)些(xie)電熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)特殊要(yao)求,有時(shi)必須在電熔過程(cheng)中(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)燒(shao)結(jie)(jie)鎂(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電熔原料,如采用(yong)(yong)海(hai)水鎂(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電熔原料,一般首(shou)先利(li)用(yong)(yong)處理(li)海(hai)水和石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生產氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei),將氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)煅(duan)燒(shao)成輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)。用(yong)(yong)其他方法也可以制(zhi)得輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(詳見工業氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)制(zhi)取(qu)方法),采用(yong)(yong)輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原料生產電熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)。奧絲脫(tuo)(AusT)和拉特爾(er)(Ruttere)等(deng)研究認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),極少量(liang)(liang)的(de)雜(za)(za)質氣體(相(xiang))也屬于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)雜(za)(za)質,可明顯(xian)影響晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)的(de)長(chang)大。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雜(za)(za)質相(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在于增(zeng)加晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界運動所(suo)需的(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)。當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)二(er)相(xiang)相(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體能(neng)量(liang)(liang)降低(di),其降低(di)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)第(di)二(er)相(xiang)橫截面(mian)積成正比,所(suo)以必須提(ti)高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界能(neng),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界才能(neng)離(li)開第(di)二(er)相(xiang)繼續運動。并且(qie)當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)二(er)相(xiang)相(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi),與(yu)第(di)二(er)相(xiang)橫截面(mian)積相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界必須變(bian)形,第(di)二(er)相(xiang)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)長(chang)大的(de)極限尺寸愈小。
另(ling)一方面(mian)為了降(jiang)低電(dian)熔凝氧化鎂(mei)的顯氣(qi)孔率,也應盡量減少原(yuan)料氧化鎂(mei)的氣(qi)體排出(chu),因此,采用燒(shao)結鎂(mei)砂電(dian)熔有其顯著(zhu)優點。
⑤電熔氧化(hua)鎂單晶(jing)的化(hua)學(xue)原料質量要求(qiu):
(3)電弧熔融
這些特(te)性(xing)是同原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的量子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性(xing)如離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的尺(chi)寸(cun),離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)位(wei)數值,離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外(wai)層結(jie)(jie)構等相關聯。而氧化(hua)鎂的離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)尺(chi)寸(cun)、質量和電(dian)荷、陽離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和陰離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)特(te)性(xing)和強度、離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的極(ji)化(hua)作用、結(jie)(jie)晶構造等決定(ding)它是一高熔(rong)點化(hua)合(he)(he)物。
氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的熔點(dian)和結構參(can)數(shu)(shu):陽(yang)離子(zi)半徑0.074mm;陰離子(zi)半徑0.53mm;結構類型NaCl;配(pei)位數(shu)(shu)6;有效配(pei)位數(shu)(shu)8.5;密度(du)3.65g/cm3;熔點(dian)2800℃。
電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制造(zao)的最重(zhong)要過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是由各種(zhong)鎂(mei)質原料(liao),通過(guo)各種(zhong)形式(shi)的加熱方法產生高(gao)溫使(shi)鎂(mei)質材料(liao)(MgO)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),變成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)體。要使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)融(rong),必須(xu)消耗(hao)大(da)量的熱能,以克服離子間的引力。通過(guo)強(qiang)大(da)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)產生高(gao)溫而(er)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的方法叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)融(rong)法。這個融(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)般(ban)包括熱的傳導、脫(tuo)水(shui)、脫(tuo)碳(tan)、熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體長大(da)等(deng)一(yi)系列物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)(hua)的過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。
①脫(tuo)(tuo)水過(guo)程。用水鎂(mei)石作原料(liao)有(you)一脫(tuo)(tuo)水過(guo)程。水鎂(mei)石的主要成分是(shi)氫氧化鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其(qi)脫(tuo)(tuo)水過(guo)程是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫碳(tan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。用菱(ling)鎂礦作為原(yuan)料時有(you)一(yi)個脫碳(tan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),脫碳(tan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)包括兩個方面。一(yi)方面是菱(ling)鎂礦石的熱分(fen)解,菱(ling)鎂礦石的主(zhu)要成分(fen)是碳(tan)酸鎂(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一方面,由于在(zai)(zai)電熔(rong)過(guo)程中往往在(zai)(zai)原料氧化鎂中加(jia)入(ru)石墨(mo)(mo)粉末(mo)添加(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)(zai)電熔(rong)爐起動過(guo)程中需(xu)在(zai)(zai)三電極(ji)(石墨(mo)(mo)電極(ji))的下端用石墨(mo)(mo)粉末(mo)鋪成三角形或(huo)星形導線路,在(zai)(zai)通電過(guo)程中受熱燒損或(huo)完全燃燒除去石墨(mo)(mo)。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔化(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)。熔化(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)即氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)離子和氧(yang)(yang)離子在強(qiang)電(dian)弧產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的熱(re)(re)能作(zuo)用下,克(ke)服單晶(jing)(jing)體中(zhong)的晶(jing)(jing)格能的束縛,變成能自(zi)由運動的過程(cheng)(cheng)。也就(jiu)是說,氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)加熱(re)(re)到一(yi)定溫(wen)度(熔點)就(jiu)會由固體變成液體,叫熔化(hua)(hua)。在這一(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需消(xiao)耗(hao)大量的電(dian)能。據電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)對用水鎂(mei)(mei)石作(zuo)原料生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的熱(re)(re)平衡的衡算,熱(re)(re)消(xiao)耗(hao)的比例如下:氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)晶(jing)(jing)體生(sheng)成熱(re)(re)消(xiao)耗(hao)值(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消(xiao)耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)15.3%,散砂生(sheng)成熱(re)(re)耗(hao)值(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐殼的水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)7.9%,爐子表面(mian)散熱(re)(re)值(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)(re)值(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)能損失值(zhi)3.2%,從這些統計(ji)數據可以看出,在電(dian)熔