雅安電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布日期(qi):2022-08-21 瀏覽次數(shu):25723電(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)爐生產(chan)電(dian)熔(rong)氧化(hua)鎂的工藝流程主要(yao)包括:原料配(pei)料、電(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)融、破碎、選(xuan)別(bie)、粉(fen)碎、篩別(bie)、磁(ci)選(xuan)、分類包裝等。
(1)原料
我(wo)國有豐富的優質菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石,氧(yang)化鎂(mei)含量高,又(you)易于開(kai)采(cai),因此,被(bei)廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)作電熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的原(yuan)料。采(cai)用(yong)菱(ling)鎂(mei)石作原(yuan)料,碳酸鎂(mei)分(fen)解產生CO2氣(qi)體,由于有大量氣(qi)體從爐內(nei)排(pai)出影響著電熔(rong)過(guo)程的進行(xing):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電熔(rong)(rong)氧化鎂的結晶(jing)帶的形成(cheng)均(jun)有不利影響,由于(yu)大量(liang)塵料飛損(sun),使物料損(sun)耗和能量(liang)消耗增高(gao),也惡化了車間(jian)生產(chan)環境。但由于(yu)優質菱鎂礦石容易獲得(de),價格很低廉,所以,仍(reng)是我國電熔(rong)(rong)氧化鎂用得(de)最多(duo)最廣泛的原料。
(2)配料
①菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦。菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的含量(liang)高低和(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學成分直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的質量(liang),同時在電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)也直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)得到(dao)的品級(ji)(ji)比(bi)(bi)例,因此(ci),為了保證電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的質量(liang)和(he)品級(ji)(ji)比(bi)(bi)例,必須(xu)對(dui)各(ge)種礦石(shi)(shi)進行適(shi)當的配比(bi)(bi)后(hou)進行熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)。
②水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)。我國的(de)(de)遼(liao)寧省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)源非(fei)常豐(feng)富,水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)中氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含量高于菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)(shi)。它(ta)也是一(yi)種制(zhi)造電熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料,部分地區(qu)水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)成分見表2。
表2水鎂石的化學成分/%
③輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。以(yi)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)作為電熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)原料,可(ke)以(yi)使生(sheng)產環境得(de)到改善,可(ke)以(yi)降(jiang)低運輸費用。由于電熔(rong)時排出氣體少,成分也較均(jun)勻,對(dui)提高(gao)電熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)質量有利。
我(wo)國有一些電熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)以(yi)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)制(zhi)成球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)(liao)入爐(lu)電熔。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)含量達到(dao)(dao)98%,以(yi)此料(liao)(liao)能生產出(chu)白色大(da)結晶電熔氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)。但由于(yu)成球(qiu)(qiu)費用高,影響生產成本(ben)。目前,有的(de)(de)廠家采用反射爐(lu)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei),以(yi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)粒度加入熔爐(lu)電熔,電熔氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量比用菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)好,成本(ben)又比用球(qiu)(qiu)料(liao)(liao)作原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)時(shi)便宜,因而(er)得到(dao)(dao)了一定(ding)的(de)(de)推廣。
④燒結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)。為了某些電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的特殊要求,有時(shi)必須在電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔過程中采用(yong)(yong)燒結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔原料,如采用(yong)(yong)海(hai)水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔原料,一般首(shou)先利用(yong)(yong)處理(li)海(hai)水(shui)和(he)石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)產(chan)氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒成輕(qing)(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)其(qi)他方法也(ye)可以(yi)制得輕(qing)(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見(jian)工業(ye)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的制取方法),采用(yong)(yong)輕(qing)(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為原料生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧(ao)絲脫(AusT)和(he)拉特爾(Ruttere)等研(yan)究認為,極(ji)少量(liang)的雜質(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)體(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也(ye)屬于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的雜質(zhi)(zhi),可明顯影響(xiang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒的長(chang)大。因為雜質(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在于增加(jia)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界運動(dong)所需的能量(liang)。當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體能量(liang)降低(di),其(qi)降低(di)量(liang)與第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截(jie)面(mian)積成正比,所以(yi)必須提高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界能,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界才能離(li)開第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼續(xu)運動(dong)。并且當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),與第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截(jie)面(mian)積相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界必須變形(xing),第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數量(liang)愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒長(chang)大的極(ji)限尺寸愈小。
另一(yi)方面為了降低電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂的(de)顯氣(qi)孔率,也應盡(jin)量(liang)減少原料氧化鎂的(de)氣(qi)體排出,因此,采用燒結鎂砂電熔(rong)有其顯著優(you)點(dian)。
⑤電熔氧化(hua)鎂單晶的化(hua)學原料(liao)質(zhi)量要求(qiu):
(3)電弧熔融
這些特性(xing)是同原子(zi)(zi)和(he)分子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)量(liang)子(zi)(zi)力學(xue)本性(xing)如離子(zi)(zi)半徑的(de)(de)尺寸(cun),離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電位數(shu)值(zhi),離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電子(zi)(zi)外層結(jie)構(gou)等(deng)相(xiang)關聯。而氧化鎂的(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)尺寸(cun)、質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)電荷、陽(yang)離子(zi)(zi)和(he)陰離子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)結(jie)合特性(xing)和(he)強(qiang)度、離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)極化作用、結(jie)晶(jing)構(gou)造等(deng)決定它是一高(gao)熔點化合物。
氧(yang)化鎂的(de)熔點和結構參數:陽離子(zi)半徑0.074mm;陰離子(zi)半徑0.53mm;結構類型NaCl;配(pei)位(wei)數6;有(you)效配(pei)位(wei)數8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔點2800℃。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制造的(de)最重要過(guo)程是由各(ge)種(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)質(zhi)原料(liao),通(tong)過(guo)各(ge)種(zhong)形(xing)式的(de)加(jia)熱(re)(re)方法(fa)產生高溫使(shi)鎂(mei)(mei)質(zhi)材料(liao)(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),變(bian)成(cheng)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)。要使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)融,必須消(xiao)耗大(da)(da)量的(de)熱(re)(re)能,以克(ke)服離(li)子間的(de)引力(li)。通(tong)過(guo)強大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)產生高溫而(er)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)方法(fa)叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)融法(fa)。這個融化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程一般包括熱(re)(re)的(de)傳導、脫(tuo)水、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體(ti)長大(da)(da)等一系列物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)過(guo)程。
①脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。用水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)作原料有一(yi)脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)的主要成(cheng)分是(shi)氫氧化鎂(mei)(mei)Mg(OH)2。其(qi)脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫(tuo)碳過(guo)程(cheng)。用菱(ling)鎂礦作為原料(liao)時有一個脫(tuo)碳過(guo)程(cheng),脫(tuo)碳過(guo)程(cheng)包括兩個方面。一方面是(shi)菱(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的熱分解,菱(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的主(zhu)要成(cheng)分是(shi)碳酸鎂(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另(ling)一(yi)方面,由于在(zai)電(dian)熔過(guo)程中往往在(zai)原料氧化鎂中加(jia)入(ru)石(shi)墨粉末添(tian)加(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)電(dian)熔爐(lu)起動過(guo)程中需(xu)在(zai)三電(dian)極(ji)(石(shi)墨電(dian)極(ji))的下端用石(shi)墨粉末鋪成(cheng)三角形或星形導線路,在(zai)通電(dian)過(guo)程中受熱燒(shao)損(sun)或完全(quan)燃燒(shao)除去石(shi)墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。熔(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即氧化(hua)鎂中(zhong)鎂離子和氧離子在強電(dian)(dian)弧產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)作用下,克(ke)服單晶(jing)體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格(ge)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛,變成(cheng)能(neng)(neng)自(zi)由運動的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。也就是說,氧化(hua)鎂加熱(re)到(dao)一定(ding)溫(wen)度(熔(rong)點)就會由固體(ti)變成(cheng)液體(ti),叫熔(rong)化(hua)。在這一過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需消耗(hao)(hao)大量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。據(ju)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)鎂生(sheng)產者對用水鎂石(shi)作原料生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)平衡的(de)(de)(de)衡算,熱(re)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)如下:氧化(hua)鎂晶(jing)體(ti)生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)消耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)值(zhi)15.3%,散砂生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)3.0%,冷卻(que)水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)值(zhi)8.4%,冷卻(que)爐殼(ke)的(de)(de)(de)水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)值(zhi)7.9%,爐子表面(mian)散熱(re)值(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)值(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損失值(zhi)3.2%,從這些統計數據(ju)可以看出(chu),在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)