朝陽電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布日期:2022-08-21 瀏覽(lan)次數:25710電(dian)弧熔(rong)爐生產電(dian)熔(rong)氧化鎂的工藝流程主要包括:原料配料、電(dian)弧熔(rong)融(rong)、破碎、選別、粉(fen)碎、篩別、磁選、分類包裝等。
(1)原料
我國有豐(feng)富(fu)的優質菱鎂(mei)礦石,氧(yang)化鎂(mei)含量高,又(you)易于開采(cai),因(yin)此,被(bei)廣泛用作(zuo)電(dian)熔氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的原(yuan)料。采(cai)用菱鎂(mei)石作(zuo)原(yuan)料,碳酸鎂(mei)分解產生(sheng)CO2氣(qi)體(ti),由于有大量氣(qi)體(ti)從(cong)爐內排出影響著電(dian)熔過(guo)程的進(jin)行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電(dian)熔氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)(de)結晶帶的(de)(de)形成均有不利(li)影響,由于大(da)量塵(chen)料飛損(sun),使(shi)物料損(sun)耗和能量消耗增高,也(ye)惡化(hua)(hua)了(le)車(che)間生(sheng)產環境。但由于優質菱鎂礦石容易獲得,價(jia)格很低廉,所以,仍(reng)是我國電(dian)熔氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂用(yong)得最多最廣泛的(de)(de)原料。
(2)配料
①菱鎂(mei)礦。菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)中氧化鎂(mei)的含量高低和化學(xue)成分直接影響到(dao)(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)的質量,同(tong)時在電(dian)熔(rong)過程中也直接影響到(dao)(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)得到(dao)(dao)的品級比(bi)例,因此,為(wei)了(le)保證電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)的質量和品級比(bi)例,必須對(dui)各種礦石(shi)進(jin)行適當的配比(bi)后(hou)進(jin)行熔(rong)煉。
②水鎂(mei)石。我(wo)國的遼寧省水鎂(mei)石的礦源(yuan)非常豐富,水鎂(mei)石中氧化鎂(mei)含量高于菱鎂(mei)礦石。它(ta)也(ye)是(shi)一種制造電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)的原料,部分(fen)地(di)區水鎂(mei)石的化學成分(fen)見表(biao)2。
表2水鎂石的化學成分/%
③輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化鎂。以輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化鎂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔氧(yang)化鎂原料(liao),可(ke)以使生產(chan)環境得到改善,可(ke)以降低運輸費用。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)熔時排(pai)出氣體少(shao),成(cheng)分(fen)也較均勻,對提高電(dian)(dian)熔氧(yang)化鎂質量(liang)有利。
我國有一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)以(yi)輕(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制成球(qiu)料入爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)含(han)量達到98%,以(yi)此料能生產(chan)出(chu)白色大結(jie)晶電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。但由(you)于成球(qiu)費用(yong)高,影響生產(chan)成本(ben)。目前,有的廠家采用(yong)反射爐(lu)輕(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),以(yi)一(yi)定的粒度加入熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量比(bi)用(yong)菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石好,成本(ben)又比(bi)用(yong)球(qiu)料作原(yuan)料時便宜,因而得到了一(yi)定的推廣。
④燒(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂。為(wei)了某些電(dian)熔凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)特(te)殊要(yao)求,有時(shi)(shi)必須在電(dian)熔過程中采用(yong)燒(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作為(wei)電(dian)熔原料(liao),如采用(yong)海(hai)水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作為(wei)電(dian)熔原料(liao),一般首先利用(yong)處理(li)海(hai)水(shui)和石(shi)灰乳作用(yong)生(sheng)產(chan)氫氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)成輕(qing)燒(shao)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)其他方法(fa)也可以(yi)制(zhi)得輕(qing)燒(shao)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見工業氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)制(zhi)取(qu)方法(fa)),采用(yong)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作為(wei)原料(liao)生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)熔凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧絲脫(tuo)(AusT)和拉特(te)爾(Ruttere)等(deng)研(yan)究認為(wei),極(ji)少量(liang)的(de)(de)雜質(zhi)氣體(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也屬于(yu)晶體的(de)(de)雜質(zhi),可明顯影響(xiang)晶粒的(de)(de)長大。因為(wei)雜質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)作用(yong)在于(yu)增加晶界(jie)(jie)運(yun)動所(suo)(suo)需的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)。當(dang)晶界(jie)(jie)與第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi)(shi),晶體能(neng)量(liang)降低,其降低量(liang)與第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積成正比(bi),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)必須提高晶界(jie)(jie)能(neng),晶界(jie)(jie)才能(neng)離(li)開第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼續運(yun)動。并且當(dang)晶界(jie)(jie)與第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi)(shi),與第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)的(de)(de)晶界(jie)(jie)必須變形,第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數(shu)量(liang)愈(yu)(yu)多(duo),晶粒長大的(de)(de)極(ji)限(xian)尺寸(cun)愈(yu)(yu)小。
另一(yi)方(fang)面為(wei)了降低電熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)顯氣(qi)孔率,也應盡量(liang)減少原料氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)氣(qi)體排出,因此(ci),采(cai)用(yong)燒結鎂砂電熔有其顯著(zhu)優點(dian)。
⑤電熔氧化鎂單(dan)晶的(de)化學原料質量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特性是(shi)(shi)同原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的量(liang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性如離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的尺(chi)寸,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)位數(shu)值,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外(wai)層結(jie)構等相關聯。而(er)氧化(hua)鎂的離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)尺(chi)寸、質量(liang)和(he)(he)電(dian)荷(he)、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)的結(jie)合特性和(he)(he)強(qiang)度(du)、離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的極化(hua)作用、結(jie)晶構造等決定它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)高熔(rong)點化(hua)合物(wu)。
氧化鎂的熔(rong)點(dian)和結構(gou)參數:陽(yang)離(li)子半(ban)徑(jing)0.074mm;陰(yin)離(li)子半(ban)徑(jing)0.53mm;結構(gou)類型NaCl;配位(wei)數6;有效配位(wei)數8.5;密度(du)3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點(dian)2800℃。
電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂制造的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)重要過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是由(you)各(ge)種鎂質原料,通過(guo)各(ge)種形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)加熱方法產生(sheng)高(gao)溫使鎂質材料(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化,變成氧化鎂熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體。要使氧化鎂熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong),必須消耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)(de)熱能,以(yi)克服離子(zi)間的(de)(de)(de)引力。通過(guo)強大電弧產生(sheng)高(gao)溫而熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化氧化鎂的(de)(de)(de)方法叫做電弧熔(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong)法。這個融(rong)化過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)一般包括熱的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)導(dao)、脫水、脫碳、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化、析晶、晶體長(chang)大等一系列物理化學變化的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。
①脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。用(yong)水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石作原(yuan)料有(you)一脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石的主要成分是(shi)氫氧化(hua)鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其(qi)脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)程是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫碳(tan)過程。用(yong)菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦作為原料時(shi)有一(yi)個(ge)脫碳(tan)過程,脫碳(tan)過程包括兩(liang)個(ge)方面。一(yi)方面是(shi)菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦石的熱分解,菱(ling)(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦石的主要(yao)成分是(shi)碳(tan)酸鎂(mei)(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另(ling)一方(fang)面,由于在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過程中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)在原料氧化(hua)鎂中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)石墨粉(fen)末(mo)添加(jia)物(助劑),在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)爐起動(dong)過程中(zhong)需在三(san)電(dian)(dian)極(石墨電(dian)(dian)極)的(de)下端用石墨粉(fen)末(mo)鋪成(cheng)三(san)角形或星形導線(xian)路,在通電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)受熱燒損或完全(quan)燃燒除去石墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)即氧化(hua)(hua)鎂中(zhong)鎂離(li)子(zi)和(he)氧離(li)子(zi)在強電弧(hu)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)能(neng)作(zuo)用下,克服單晶(jing)(jing)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)格(ge)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛,變成(cheng)能(neng)自(zi)由(you)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。也就是(shi)說,氧化(hua)(hua)鎂加熱(re)到一定(ding)溫度(du)(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就會(hui)由(you)固體變成(cheng)液體,叫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)。在這(zhe)一過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需消(xiao)耗大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)電能(neng)。據電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂生產者對用水鎂石作(zuo)原料生產電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)衡算,熱(re)消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例如下:氧化(hua)(hua)鎂晶(jing)(jing)體生成(cheng)熱(re)消(xiao)耗值(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消(xiao)耗熱(re)值(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生成(cheng)熱(re)耗值(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水耗熱(re)值(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐(lu)殼的(de)(de)(de)(de)水耗熱(re)值(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐(lu)子(zi)表面散(san)熱(re)值(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)值(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電能(neng)損失(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這(zhe)些統(tong)計數據可以看出,在電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)